What Are PFAs in Clothing? Why You Should Be Concerned About "Forever Chemicals" in Your Wardrobe
In recent years, a growing concern has emerged regarding toxic chemicals in everyday items, including clothing. One of the most talked-about groups of chemicals is PFAs—short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. These chemicals are often referred to as “forever chemicals” due to their resistance to breaking down in the environment, leading to long-term environmental and health risks. While PFAs are commonly associated with non-stick cookware and firefighting foam, they are also present in many textiles and garments.
But what are PFAs, how do they end up in our clothes, and why should we care? This blog post will break down the essentials about PFAs in clothing and what you can do to avoid them.
What Are PFAs?
PFAs are a group of synthetic chemicals used in a wide range of products, primarily for their water- and stain-resistant properties. The two most well-known and studied PFAs are PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid), but there are thousands of chemicals within this family.
These chemicals have earned the nickname “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in nature or in the human body. PFAs persist in water, soil, and air for an extended period, accumulating over time and leading to concerns about environmental pollution and health risks.
How Are PFAs Used in Clothing?
In clothing, PFAs are most commonly used to make fabrics waterproof, stain-resistant, and durable. You’re most likely to find PFAs in:
- Outdoor gear such as jackets, tents, and hiking pants
- Waterproof shoes
- Stain-resistant fabrics, including some upholstery
- Performance wear like workout clothes
These garments are designed to repel water and stains, making them more convenient for everyday use or harsh outdoor conditions. However, the chemicals that give these clothes their desirable properties can have negative long-term impacts on health and the environment.
The Environmental Impact of PFAs in Clothing
One of the biggest concerns surrounding PFAs in clothing is their environmental impact. When clothes containing PFAs are washed, these chemicals can leach out into the water supply, where they remain for years. PFAs are incredibly difficult to remove from water through conventional filtration systems, meaning they can end up in rivers, lakes, and even drinking water sources.
Additionally, when clothes treated with PFAs are discarded, the chemicals do not break down in landfills. Over time, they seep into the soil and water, contributing to long-term contamination. Since PFAs accumulate in the environment, the impact is widespread, affecting wildlife and ecosystems.
Health Risks Associated with PFAs in Clothing
The presence of PFAs in clothing is not just an environmental issue—it’s a public health concern as well. Studies have linked prolonged exposure to PFAs to several adverse health effects, including:
- Hormone disruption: PFAs can interfere with the endocrine system, leading to hormonal imbalances.
- Cancer risks: Some studies suggest a link between high levels of PFAs and certain cancers, such as kidney and testicular cancer.
- Immune system suppression: PFAs have been shown to weaken the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to fight off infections.
- Liver damage: Exposure to PFAs may contribute to liver toxicity and other liver-related issues.
- Developmental issues in children: PFAs have been associated with low birth weight, developmental delays, and other issues in children exposed to these chemicals during pregnancy.
Although the PFAs used in clothing may not pose an immediate threat to wearers, the long-term risks are concerning, particularly for those with frequent exposure, such as outdoor enthusiasts or workers who regularly wear PFAs-treated garments.
How to Avoid PFAs in Your Clothing
Given the potential risks, many consumers are now seeking ways to avoid PFAs in their clothing. Here are some tips to help you steer clear of these chemicals:
1. Look for PFA-Free Labels
As awareness of the dangers of PFAs grows, more brands are labeling their products as PFA-free. These labels indicate that the garment has not been treated with these harmful chemicals. Look for certifications like OEKO-TEX or bluesign, which signify that the fabric has been tested for harmful substances.
2. Choose Natural Fabrics
Opting for natural fabrics like organic cotton, linen, or wool is another way to reduce your exposure to PFAs. These materials are less likely to be treated with chemicals compared to synthetic fabrics like polyester or nylon.
3. Avoid “Waterproof” and “Stain-Resistant” Claims
While waterproof and stain-resistant clothing may seem convenient, these features often come at the cost of PFA exposure. Consider using non-chemical treatments like beeswax or silicone-based sprays for waterproofing or cleaning stains naturally instead of relying on chemically treated fabrics.
4. Research Brands Committed to Sustainability
Many eco-conscious clothing brands are leading the charge in eliminating PFAs from their manufacturing processes. Do some research before purchasing outdoor gear or performance wear to ensure the brand is committed to sustainability and transparency in its materials.
5. Wash Carefully
When you do have clothes that may contain PFAs, wash them sparingly. This reduces the amount of PFAs that enter the water system. You can also use a washing machine filter to capture microfibers and chemicals before they enter the water supply.
The Future of PFAs in Fashion: A Move Towards Safer Alternatives
With the increasing awareness of the dangers associated with PFAs, both consumers and fashion brands are pushing for change. Several countries and states are introducing stricter regulations on the use of PFAs, and some outdoor clothing brands have committed to phasing out these chemicals.
Innovations in bio-based waterproofing and non-toxic fabric treatments are also showing promise as viable alternatives to PFAs. As the industry shifts toward more sustainable practices, consumers will have more options for functional, PFA-free clothing that doesn’t sacrifice performance for safety.
Conclusion: Take Action for a Healthier Wardrobe
PFAs in clothing present a serious concern, both for environmental sustainability and personal health. While these chemicals have been widely used to improve the durability and convenience of fabrics, they come with significant risks. By becoming informed about where PFAs are commonly found and how to avoid them, you can make more eco-conscious choices and contribute to reducing the prevalence of “forever chemicals” in the fashion industry.